Florence was established by Julius Caesar as a settlement for retired Roman soldiers, known as veterans. The official name of the city was Florentia, meaning “flourishing” or “prosperous” in Latin. The city was dedicated to the god of war Mars, and strategically located in the fertile Arno River valley, serving as a key military outpost and trade hub. Its position along the Via Cassia, a major Roman road, facilitated connections between Rome and the northern provinces.

Florentia was built in the typical Roman style, with a grid plan centered around a forum (main square), temples, baths, and an amphitheater. The city was surrounded by walls for protection.